408-数据结构

发表于2026-10-10|更新于2026-10-10|408

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一、绪论

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graph LR
  Root["数据结构"]

  Root --> Basic["基本概念"]
  Root --> Ele["三要素"]

  Basic --> B1["数据"]
  Basic --> B2["数据元素/数据项"]
  Basic --> B3["数据对象/数据结构"]
  Basic --> B4["数据类型/<br>抽象数据类型(ADT)"]

  Ele --> E1["逻辑结构"]
  Ele --> E2["物理结构<br>(存储结构)"]
  Ele --> E3["数据的运算"]

  E1 --> L1["线性结构"]
  E1 --> L2["集合"]
  E1 --> L3["树形结构"]
  E1 --> L4["图结构<br>(网状结构)"]

  E2 --> P1["顺序存储"]
  E2 --> P2["链式存储"]
  E2 --> P3["索引存储"]
  E2 --> P4["散列存储"]

  E3 --> O1["按逻辑结构定义,<br>按存储结构实现"]

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  classDef normal fill:#fff,stroke:#5b9bd5,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
  classDef key fill:#fff,stroke:#c00000,stroke-width:3px,color:#000;

  class Root root;
  class Basic,Ele normal;
  class B1,B2,B3,L1,L2,L3,L4,P1,P2,P3,P4,O1 normal;
  class B4,E1,E3 key;

  subgraph NL["非线性结构"]
    direction LR
    L2
    L3
    L4
  end

  subgraph N1["定义ADT = 定义逻辑结构 + 运算<br>即定义数据结构"]
    Basic
    B1
    B2
    B3
    B4
  end

  subgraph N2["确定存储结构 = 表示逻辑结构<br>存储不同,运算实现不同"]
    E2
    P1
    subgraph NS["非顺序存储"]
      direction LR
      P2
      P3
      P4
    end
  end

  style NL fill:#e2f0d9,stroke:#5b9bd5,color:#000000
  style NS fill:#e2f0d9,stroke:#5b9bd5,color:#000000
  style N1 fill:#f4faf0,stroke:#70ad47,color:#000000,font-size:12px
  style N2 fill:#f4faf0,stroke:#70ad47,color:#000000,font-size:12px

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    "fontSize": "16px",
    "fontFamily": "-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, \"Noto Sans\", sans-serif"
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  "flowchart": {
    "nodeSpacing": 10,
    "rankSpacing": 26,
    "curve": "basis",
    "htmlLabels": true,
    "subGraphTitleMargin": { "top": 0, "bottom": 14 }
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}}%%
graph LR
  Root["算法的基本概念"]

  Root --> What["什么是算法"]
  Root --> Five["算法的五个特性"]
  Root --> Good["#quot;好#quot;算法的特质"]

  What --> Prog["程序=数据结构 + 算法"]
  Prog --> P1["数据结构是<br>要处理的信息"]
  Prog --> P2["算法是处理<br>信息的步骤"]

  Five --> F1["有穷性"]
  Five --> F2["确定性"]
  Five --> F3["可行性"]
  Five --> F4["输入"]
  Five --> F5["输出"]

  F1 --> F1a["有穷时间内能执行完"]
  F1a --> F1b["算法是有穷的"]
  F1a --> F1c["程序可以是无穷的"]

  F2 --> F2a["相同输入只会<br>产生相同输出"]
  F3 --> F3a["可以用已有的基本<br>操作实现算法"]
  F4 --> F4a["丢给算法处理的数据"]
  F5 --> F5a["算法处理的结果"]

  Good --> G1["正确性"]
  Good --> G2["可读性"]
  Good --> G3["健壮性"]
  Good --> G4["高效率与低<br>存储量需求"]

  G1 --> G1a["能正确解决问题"]
  G2 --> G2a["对算法的描述要让<br>其他人也看得懂"]
  G3 --> G3a["算法能处理<br>一些异常状况"]
  G4 --> G4a["即算法执行<br>省时、省内存"]
  G4a --> G4b["时间复杂度低、<br>空间复杂度低"]

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  classDef normal fill:#fff,stroke:#5b9bd5,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
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  class Root root;
  class What,Prog,Five,Good normal;
  class F1,F2,F3,F4,F5,G1,G2,G3,G4 normal;
  class P1,P2,F1a,F1b,F1c,F2a,F3a,F4a,F5a,G1a,G2a,G3a,G4a normal;
  class G4b key;

  subgraph N1["设计一个好的数据结构<br>设计一个好的算法"]
    What
    Prog
    P1
    P2
  end

  subgraph N2["算法必须具备的特性"]
    Five
    F1
    F2
    F3
    F4
    F5
  end

  subgraph N3["设计算法时要<br>尽量追求的目标"]
    G4
    G4a
  end

  style N1 fill:#f4faf0,stroke:#70ad47,color:#000000,font-size:12px
  style N2 fill:#f4faf0,stroke:#70ad47,color:#000000,font-size:12px
  style N3 fill:#f4faf0,stroke:#70ad47,color:#000000,font-size:12px

文章作者: Milvelas

文章链接: http://milvelas.cn/2026/10/10/408%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84/index.html

数据结构与算法